...
A link object connects two joints, i and j, separated by length L, such that specialized structural behavior may be modeled. Linear, nonlinear, and frequency-dependent properties may be assigned to each of the six deformational degrees-of-freedom
...
(DOF)
...
which
...
are
...
internal
...
to
...
a
...
link,
...
including
...
axial,
...
shear,
...
torsion,
...
and
...
pure
...
bending.
...
Internal
...
deformation
...
is
...
then
...
calculated
...
from
...
joint
...
j
...
displacement
...
relative
...
to
...
joint
...
i
...
,
...
where
...
i
...
may
...
be
...
grounded
...
to
...
simulate
...
a
...
support
...
point.
...
To
...
utilize
...
nonlinear
...
and
...
frequency-dependent
...
properties,
...
corresponding
...
analysis
...
...
must
...
be
...
defined
...
and
...
run.
...
Link
...
...
(F-D)
...
relationships
...
may
...
be
...
specified
...
for
...
each
...
of
...
the
...
6-DOF
...
to
...
simulate:
...
Multi-linear
...
springs
...
(uniaxial
...
elasticity)
...
Wen
...
behavior
...
(uniaxial
...
plasticity)
...
Kinematic,
...
Takeda,
...
and
...
pivot
...
...
behavior
...
(multi-linear
...
uniaxial
...
plasticity)
...
Gap
...
(compression-only)
...
and
...
hook
...
(tension-only)
...
elements
...
Isolation
...
devices
...
(biaxial-plasticity
...
and
...
friction-pendulum
...
isolators
...
with
...
optional
...
uplift)
...
Viscoelastic damping is specified in Force/Velocity
...
units
...
All
...
shear
...
deformation
...
is
...
assumed
...
to
...
occur
...
within
...
a
...
shear
...
spring.
...
Shear-spring
...
location
...
may
...
be
...
specified
...
in
...
terms
...
of
...
distance
...
from
...
joint
...
j
...
,
...
where
...
dj2
...
is
...
the
...
major-axis
...
shear-spring
...
location,
...
and
...
dj3,
...
the
...
minor-axis.
...
As
...
such,
...
dj2
...
represents
...
the
...
location
...
for
...
1-2
...
plane
...
shearing
...
and
...
1-3
...
plane
...
bending,
...
while
...
dj3
...
is
...
the
...
reverse.
...
Either
...
translation
...
or
...
rotation
...
may
...
induce
...
shear
...
deformation.
...
Each
...
of
...
the
...
six
...
springs
...
and
...
hinges
...
which
...
correlate
...
with
...
internal
...
link
...
deformation
...
may
...
actually
...
be
...
several
...
coincident
...
components
...
which
...
form
...
a
...
system
...
of
...
springs
...
and
...
dashpots.
...
F-D
...
relationships
...
within
...
a
...
single
...
DOF,
...
or
...
among
...
multiple
...
DOF,
...
may
...
be
...
coupled
...
or
...
independent.
...
Each
...
F-D
...
relationship
...
is
...
defined
...
within
...
a
...
local
...
coordinate
...
system
...
which
...
is
...
specific
...
to
...
that
...
link.
...
Links
...
may
...
be
...
of
...
zero
...
length,
...
as
...
is
...
the
...
case
...
with
...
links
...
grounded
...
at
...
support
...
points.
...
For
...
dynamic
...
analysis,
...
numerical
...
solution
...
requires
...
that
...
...
m
...
,
...
and
...
mass
...
moments
...
of
...
inertia
...
mr1
...
,
...
mr2
...
,
...
and
...
mr3
...
,
...
be
...
assigned
...
to
...
a
...
link
...
such
...
that
...
response
...
captures
...
translational
...
and
...
rotational
...
inertia.
...
Half
...
of
...
each
...
of
...
these
...
values
...
will
...
be
...
assigned
...
to
...
each
...
joint
...
within
...
a
...
link.
...
Internal
...
deformation
...
and
...
internal
...
forces
...
are
...
then
...
reported
...
as
...
output
...
local
...
to
...
each
...
joint.
...
Additional
...
information
...
is
...
available
...
in
...
the
...
CSI Analysis Reference Manual (The Link/Support Element Basic, page 229) and (The Link/Support Element Advanced, page 253).
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